in cooperation with:
Università Campus Bio-Medico Roma
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Hydrogen Underground Storage : Status of Technology and Perspectives
Author: Carlo Cappellani – Senior Geoscientist 1 Hydrogen Underground Storage : Status of Technology and Perspectives Hydrogen will play a key role in the development and transformation of future renewable energy systems. H2 has many benefits, can be generated by well-established and emerging technologies and can be used in a variety of end-use energy and…
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Natural Hydrogen: Promising opportunities for Exploration & Production
Author: Carlo Cappellani – Senior Geoscientist 1 Introduction The global energy sector is transforming and hydrogen (the most energy-rich gas) is likely to play an increasingly prominent role as a clean energy carrier. Many countries have identified hydrogen as a key pathway to decarbonise their transport, industry processes, heating and energy storage sectors. Hydrogen…
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Big Data in Oil and Gas Industry
Author: Elvirosa Brancaccio – Serintel Srl – Rome (Italy) 1 Introduction Big Data or Big Data analytics refers to a new technology which can be employed to handle large datasets which include six main characteristics of volume, variety, velocity, veracity, value, and complexity. With the recent advent of data recording sensors in exploration,…
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Low Motion Floating Production Storage Offloading (LM-FPSO): Evolution of Offloading Production Systems
Authors: Marco Cocchi – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome Leone Mazzeo – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome 1 Introduction Oil & Gas industries have moved in deeper, more remote and technically demanding regions in the last 30 years. With increasing technical complexity of the extraction facility, the…
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The Role of Natural Gas in the Energy Transition Phase
Authors: Marco Cocchi – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome Leone Mazzeo – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome 1 Introduction The rapid growth of the world population driven by the development of the industrial sector, have led to an increase of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. It has been…
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Innovation and New Technologies in the Upstream Oil & Gas Industry
Authors: Marco Cocchi – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome Leone Mazzeo – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome 1 Introduction Oil & Gas reservoir research and exploration requires the utilization and adaptation of a large number of different technologies spread over numerous engineering fields. Because of the intense…
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Current Trends in Artificial Intelligence (AI) Application to Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Marco Cocchi – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome Leone Mazzeo – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome 1 Introduction In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI), in its many integrated flavors from neural networks to genetic optimization to fuzzy logic, has made solid steps toward becoming more accepted in the…
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Petroleum Technologies and Sustainability in the Era of Climate Change
Authors: Marco Cocchi – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome Leone Mazzeo – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome 1 Introduction The climate change is the biggest challenge that the human kind have ever had to deal with. Despite a residual skepticism on the topic, “climate change is real”[1] and it…
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Emergency Sea Protection: New Technologies During Oil Spill
Authors: Marco Cocchi – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome Leone Mazzeo – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome 1 Introduction Every day, hundreds, if not thousands, of oil spills are likely to occur worldwide in many different types of environments, on land, at sea, and in inland freshwater systems.…
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Hydrogen Role on the Decarbonization Transition Route
Author: Elvirosa Brancaccio – Serintel Srl – Rome (Italy) 1. Introduction Awareness of climate change impacts and the need for deep decarbonization has increased greatly in recent years. In 2018 the EU published its vision for the future of energy in Europe ‘A Clean Planet for All’ which aims at creating a “prosperous,…
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The Green Chemistry
Authors: Marco Cocchi – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome Leone Mazzeo – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome 1 Introduction and Principles An early conception of “green chemistry was developed in 1990 by P. Anastos and J. Warner[1] trough 12 principles ranging…
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Floating LNG (FLNG) Technical Challenges and Future Trends
Authors: Marco Cocchi – Researcher – Campus Bio-medico University of Rome 1 Introduction Natural gas (NG) and liquefied NG (LNG), which is one trade type of NG, have attracted great attention because their use may alleviate rising concerns about environmental pollution produced by other fossil fuels as coal and oil. In the figure below,…
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Supercritical Geothermal Resources: Exploration and Development
Author: Elvirosa Brancaccio – Serintel Srl – Rome (Italy) 1. Introduction The demand for clean, renewable energy is continuing to increase around the world. Much of that demand is being met with wind and solar power, but these resources are intermittent and therefore require balancing. Presently, developed geothermal resources are not adequate to provide…
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Energy Storage Using Thermal Processes and Nanotubes
Author: Marcello Pompa – Industrial Engineering – University “Campus Bio-Medico” of Rome 1. Theme description Since 1970, the science had tried to find a solution at the energy crisis, developing new method to use and storage renewable energy[1]. The United States Department of Energy has expected that the world’s energy consumption will be increased…
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Intelligent Clothing to Improve Safety at Work and Support Production
Author: Marcello Pompa – Industrial Engineering – University “Campus Bio-Medico” of Rome Theme description In order to reduce costs, to improve worker productivity, some companies are driving the development of smart wearables and sensors in industrial environments[1]. Currently, the safety on work is guaranteed through PPE (personal protective equipment) like safety eyewear and other.…
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Smart Grids
Author: Marcello Pompa – Industrial Engineering – University “Campus Bio-Medico” of Rome Theme description Energy systems are changing fast. The methods to produce energy and the ways to transmit it are changing. The consumption of electrical energy is growing and its generation is becoming more decentralized, with grid management increasingly complex[1]. With…
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Solar: paper like cells
Author: Marcello Pompa – Industrial Engineering – University “Campus Bio-Medico” of Rome Theme description There is a significant interest for the production of renewable energy. The researchers try every day to find or improve methods to produce green energy. One of the best renewable energy is the solar energy: available every day (though…
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Smart Fluid
Author: Marcello Pompa – Industrial Engineering – University “Campus Bio-Medico” of Rome Theme description A smart fluid, also called electro rheological fluid[1], is a liquid suspension of metals or zeolites which solidifies when electric current is applied to it, becoming fluid again when the current is removed. Smart fluids can be divided in…
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Desulfurization from Gas Oil: sulfur removal of gas oil to 10 ppm
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte – Associate Professor – University “Campus Bio-Medico” of Rome Introduction The source of energy most used in the world is crude oil. Major portions of the crude oils are used as transportation fuels such as diesel, gasoline and jet fuel. However, the crude oil contains sulfur, typically in the form of…
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Applications of robotic technologies in the upstream and downstream sector
Author: Giovanni Franchi-Chemical Engineer – PhD Student –University UCBM – Rome (Italy) Theme Description According to the 2017 edition of the BP Energy Outlook the world economy will double over the next 20 years with an annual growth of 3,4% drive by China and India. Oil, gas and carbon will account for more than 75%…
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The Contribute of Digital Technologies for the Oil and Gas Industry
Author: Giovanni Franchi-Chemical Engineer – PhD Student –University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme Description The IEA estimated, in the“Medium-Term Oil Market Report 2016”, that oil demand will increase from 94.4Mbbl/day in 2015 up to 101.6 Mbbl/day in 2021 with a mean annual growth of 1.2% dragged by Asia and Middle East.[1]However, in last…
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Hydrocracking: converting Vacuum Residue in Naphtha and Diesel
Authors: Marcello De Falco – Associate Professor – University “Campus Bio-Medico” of Rome. Mauro Capocelli – Researcher – University “Campus Bio-Medico” of Rome. Theme description In the refinery sector, both the fuel and the feedstock market as well as the more stringent environmental regulations are exacerbating the need of maximizing the residue conversion…
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Producing Catalyst such as Methanol Synthesis Catalyst, Ziegler Natta Catalyst, Ammonia Catalyst
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme Description Catalysts are substances used to speed-up chemical reactions or to selectively drive the desired reaction to promote maximum efficiency. They can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, that is they can be in the same aggregation state of one or more reagents or…
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GTL: Small Scale and Modular Technologies for Gas to Liquid Industry
Author: Elvirosa Brancaccio – Serintel Srl – Rome (Italy) 1. Introduction Gas-to-liquids (GTL) is a technology that enables the production of clean-burning diesel fuel, liquid petroleum gas, base oil and naphtha from natural gas. The GTL process transforms natural gas into very clean diesel fuel because products are colorless and odorless hydrocarbons with very…
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Fuel Oil With 0.5% Sulfur Content
Author: Mauro Capocelli – Chemical Engineer – Researcher –University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme Description The presence of sulfur compounds in fuel oils causes concern both during refining processes (due to catalyst deactivation and corrosion) and during the fuel end-use, since the fuel combustion generates the emission of oxides. The main environmental…
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Potential Opportunities of Self-Healing Polymers
Author: Mauro Capocelli – Chemical Engineer – Researcher –University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme Description Polymers are widespread in different sectors, from packaging to construction. As shown in Figure 1, polymer production reached about 400 Mton in 2015[1] and is expected to grow with a CAGR of 3.9% in the period 2015-2020.[2]The production…
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Hydrodynamic in Nanopores: Applications for Recovery of Unconventional Resources or for Energy Storage
Author: Giovanni Franchi-Chemical Engineer-PhD Student -University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme Description World oil demand is growing steadily. Today it reaches about 100 million b/d[1]. Conventional oil reserves are about 1/3 of the non-conventional ones[2] such as: heavy oil, tight oil, shale gas, methane hydrates etc. These resources are deployed on extensive areas and…
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Latest Advancements in Process Control in Refineries and Chemical Plants
Author: Giovanni Franchi-Chemical Engineer – PhD Student –University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme Description The world production of chemicals in 2020 will increase of 144 Million of metric tons[1] with a market of 4.650 US$ billion.[2] Automation and Process Control have a pivotal role in industrial plants, indeed, they allow to improve products…
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Practice and Technology and Measures For Improving Energy Efficiency in the Chemical and Petrochemical Sector
Author: Giovanni Franchi-Chemical Engineer – PhD Student –University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme Description Energy use grew up from 4.6 Mtoe[1] in 1973 to 13.4 Mtoe in 2012.Total final energy consumption decreased in Europe while it increased in non-OECD countries, reaching a further 1.3% in 2014 (i.e China 3.1% and 4.3% in India).[2],[3] Figure…
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Research Highlights in New Catalytic Technologies
Author: Mauro Capocelli – Researcher –University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme Description Catalysts are compounds use for increasing the velocity of a specific reaction by reducing the activation energy.[1] This brings down temperature/pressure of the processes saving fuel. Catalysts can be homogenous or heterogenous depending on the phase involved in the reactions (i.e.…
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Latest Advances in Computational Chemistry for Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing
Author: Marcello De Falco – Associate Professor –University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme Description The use of software for the solution of complex problems is dating in 1960s. Since then, computational chemistry grew up quickly by means of increasingly powerful computers:[1] in 1966 Simulation Science launched PROCESS a program for simulating distillation columns;…
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Improvements and New Technologies for Corrosion Control in Industrial Process Installations
Author: Giovanni Franchi-Chemical Engineer- Cooperation Contract -University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme Description Corrosion is the destructive attack of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. It’s called “anti-metallurgy” because it tends to bring the metals back to their state of being in nature, mixed with other elements (especially with…
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New Materials for Emerging Energy Technologies
Author: Giovanni Franchi-Chemical Engineer- Cooperation Contract -University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description The European Commission since 2007 with the “Strategic Technology Plan” (Set-Plan) promotes the development of new technologies that allow to improve sustainability and efficiency, reducing costs. It can be achieved by coordinating the national research of European Countries and by…
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Carbon Dioxide Recycling
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description Nowadays, CO2 recycling is one of the possible contributions to CO2 mitigation and an opportunity to use a low-cost (or even negative-cost, when considering taxes on emissions) carbon source. CO2 recycling introduces a shorter path (in terms of time) to close the carbon…
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Water Treatment and Reuse with Electrocoagulation in the Oil & Gas Industry
Author: Mauro Capocelli, Researcher, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description Electrocoagulation (EC) combines conventional treatment as coagulation and flotation with electrochemistry. The process destabilizes soluble organic pollutants and emulsified oils from aqueous media by introducing highly charged species that neutralize the electrostatic charges on particles and oil/emulsions droplets to facilitate agglomeration/coagulation (and the…
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Process and Catalyst Innovations in Hydrocracking to Maximize High Quality Distillate Fuel
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description Worldwide economic growth continues to drive demand for transportation fuels, and in part There are several processes presently able to meet individual refinery needs and project objectives[2]. In particular, UOP LLC Company is one of the most active society in this…
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Waste to Fuel Technologies
Author: Mauro Capocelli, Researcher, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description The growing concerns about climate change as well as the management of ever increasing liquid and solid wasters highly pushed the R&D in waste-to-fuel conversion[1]. The transformation of wastes into fuels can be realized by the different processes represented in Fig. 1 (extending…
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Waste Heat Recovery in the Oil & Gas Sector
Author: Mauro Capocelli, Researcher, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Introduction Waste heat recovery is a process that involves capturing of heat exhausted by an existing industrial process for other heating applications, including power generation. Technavio forecasted the global waste heat recovery market in oil and gas industry to grow at a CAGR of 7.6%…
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In-Situ Remediation of Soil, Sediments, and Groundwater Contaminated by Hazardous Substances
Author: Mauro Capocelli, Researcher, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description Highly polluted sites are present all over the world and particularly in countries that, in the last years, have seen uncontrolled and unplanned economic development. They are the result of earlier industrializationand poor environmental management practices that caused the alteration of…
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Current Situation of Emerging Technologies for Upgrading Heavy Oils
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description The change in the average crude oil quality due to the scarcity of light oil reserves and to the increase of the use of shale oil, oil sand and bitumen is causing significant troubles to refineries, which are obliged to accept…
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Sealing Materials for Well Integrity
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description Well integrity is defined in the NORSOK D-010[1] (a functional standard which fixes minimum requirements for equipments of the oil and gas production wells) as “application of technical, operational and organizational solutions to reduce risk of uncontrolled release of formation…
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Solar Refinery
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description The purpose of a solar refinery is to enable an energy transition from today’s ‘fossil fuel economy’ with its associated risks of climate change caused by CO2 emissions, to a new and sustainable ‘carbon dioxide economy’ that instead uses the CO2…
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Water Treatment in Unconventional Gas Production
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description The average $3 million drilling and fracturing process required for each well uses an average of 4.2 million gallons of water, much of which has traditionally been freshwater. The volume of water can vary significantly and is highly dependent on the…
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Thin Film Membrane Technology: Advances in Natural Gas Treatment
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Natural gas (NG) treatments are the processes needed to sweeten and purify the extracted NG before feeding it to the grid. Such processes are crucial to reach the gas purity targets and constitute a large fixed and operative costs for…
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Pinch Analysis in the Oil&Gas Industries
Author: Mauro Capocelli, Researcher, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Energy recovery and process integration is the most direct solution if for the increasing of process efficiency. In the industrial processes (in in particular in the chemical and petrochemical sector) the performance improvement is mandatory in order to face the climate change…
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Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Selected Organic Wastes
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description The large increase in the past century of industrial development, population growth and urbanization favoured the release of hazardous chemicals in the environment and a general global pollution. Several chemicals, including heavy metals and radionuclides, but also organic compounds such as pesticides,…
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) allows to evaluate the interactions that a product or service has with the environment, considering its whole life cycle that includes the preproduction points (extraction and production of raw materials), production, distribution, use (including reuse…
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LNG R&D for the Liquefaction and Regasification Processes
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is used for transporting natural gas (NG) to distant markets, not supplied by NG grid connecting the extraction/production point to the users. Basically the LNG process is composed by the following steps[1]: Extracted natural gas is…
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EKRT – Electro-Kinetic Remediation Technology for Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description The effects on the human health and the impact on the environment due to the exposure to and the presence of heavy metals as lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic have been extensively studied by international bodies as WHO, attesting clearly a…
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Dimethyl Ether (DME) Production
Author: Marcello De Falco , Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description DME (Dimethyl Ether) is an organic compound mainly used as aerosol propellant and as a reagent for the production of widely applied compounds as the dimethyl sulfate (a methylating agent) and the acetic acid[1]. Recently, companies as Topsoe, Mitsubishi Co.…
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Enriched Methane Production Technologies
Author: Marcello De Falco – Associate Professor,University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description The Enriched Methane (EM) is a blend composed by Hydrogen and Methane which can be fed, if the H2 content is lower than 30% vol., into conventional natural gas internal combustion engines with a series of benefits in terms of…
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Environmental Monitoring in Offshore Oil&Gas Industry
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description The global environmental situation of the Earth is becoming increasingly problematic and critical. The outlook for our future is increasingly gloomy. The major reason for this pessimistic outlook is the exploding number of people. At the same time, the consumption per…
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Particulate Emission & Removal Technologies
Author: Mauro Capocelli, Researcher, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of micrometric particles and liquid droplets made up of organic soot (VOCs) as well as inorganic particles as soil, dust, metals and acids (nitrates and sulphates). The particle size, fundamental for the transport as well…
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Nanotechnology in Oil Industry
Author: Andrea Milioni – Chemical Engineer – on Cooperator Contract – University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description The enhancement in nanoscale-structured materials represents one of the most interesting innovative aspects bringing technological advances in many industries. Nanoparticle technology developments essentially concern materials engineering with the possibility of new metallic alloys ensuring high…
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Industrial Lubricant Oils
Author: Andrea Milioni – Chemical Engineer – on Cooperator Contract – University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Lubricants are products used mainly in engines to reduce friction among mechanical bodies. Contrary to the majority of petroleum products which are identified through several parameters (the specs), lubricants are commonly identified only by their…
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Advanced & Alternative Low-Emission Fuels
Author: Mauro Capocelli, Researcher, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Global energy demand has dramatically increased in last years and most of the energy needs of the world today (>80%) is still covered by conventional fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas (Table 1). The issues of energy efficiency in…
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Biorefinery
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Many efforts have been made to move from today’s fossil based economy to a more sustainable economy based on biomass. The reasons can be summarized as follow: the need to develop an environmentally, economically and socially sustainable global economy, the anticipation that…
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New Catalytic Process for Production of Olefins
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Olefins, mainly ethylene (C2H4) and propylene (C3H6), are key intermediate and feedstock for the production of a wide number of chemical products, as the polyolefins (polyethylene – PE, polypropylene – PP), Mono-ethylene glycol (MEG), Ethylene Oxide (EO) and derivatives, Propylene Oxide…
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Gasification Process
Author: Andrea Milioni – Chemical Engineer – On Contract Cooperator – University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description The gasification process is the thermochemical conversion of a carbonaceous solid or liquid to a gas in presence of a gasifying agent: air, oxygen or steam. Compared to this definition, the combustion process could be…
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High Performance Elastomers
Author: Marcello De Falco – Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Elastomers are polymers made of long chains of atoms (mainly, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen), composed of repeated units of a single monomer or of two or more different monomers. Elastomers are characterized by a high level of both viscosity…
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Remediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils
Author: Andrea Milioni, Chemical Engineer – On Contract Cooperator – University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Scientific progress in the last two centuries has allowed a great development of industrial production activities, modifying the relationship between mankind and the environment. In particular, the exploitation of natural resources has led to changes in the…
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Plastic to Fuel Technologies
Author: Mauro Capocelli, Researcher, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description The growth of economy and consumes, combined with the modern models of production, have resulted in a constant increasing generation of waste plastics. The global production of municipal solid wastes (MSW) overcame the value of 3·106 ton/day and should almost double in 2025 [1].…
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Green Diesel
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Around 50% of the produced crude petroleum in the world is refined into transportation fuels which represent the fastest growing component of the energy sector. This massive use of a non-renewable feedstock leads to a significant footprint on the environment especially in terms…
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Produced Water Treatment
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Produced water is typically generated in large quantity for the lifespan of a well. It is made up of natural formation water as well as the uphole return of water injected into the formation as part of an enhanced recovery operation.…
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Renewable Energy Key Technologies
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Human technology has always looked for solutions to exploit the wide and always available energy provided by the earth and by the sun. The beginning of the industrial era, totally focused on the use of fossil fuels to supply the huge…
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CO2 Valorization Technologies
Author: Marcello De Falco – Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description In the last years, in parallel with the development of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies, a new vision about the CO2 is rising, focused on the development of technologies able to reused CO2 instead of storing or emitting…
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Carbon Capture and Storage
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the solution to “close the balance” between the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) for electricity generation and industrial processes and the CO2 natural…
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Flameless Combustion
Author: Mauro Capocelli, Researcher, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1.Theme description In the light of the recent trend in regulations about greenhouse emissions and environmental protection and towards more cost-effective production systems, there is an increasing demand to develop combustion systems to reduce pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. In this frame, a breakthrough technology,…
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Solar Power Concentration
Author: Marcello De Falco, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description The negative environmental effects due to the extensive use of fossil fuel are boosting the research of innovative solutions to exploit renewable energies for the production of clean electricity without emitting pollutants or GreenHouse gases (GHGs). Among the renewable…
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Biodiesel from Microalgae
Author: Vincenzo Piemonte, Associate Professor, University UCBM – Rome (Italy) 1. Theme description The actual dependence on fossil fuels (more than 80% of the actual world energy demand is covered by fossil fuels) must be cut before 2030, the upcoming future scenario being unknown and depending on the occurrence of the oil peak…
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Floating Storage Regasification Units (FSRU)
Author: Carlo Carniani – Senior Petroleum Engineer LNG BASIC CONCEPTS Natural gas is today a primary energy source, which will drive the transition from a fossil fuel-based to a renewable energy-based world. In the past, oil companies drilled primarily for oil: they often had to reinject or flare the associated gas; on the other hand,…